Friday, January 10, 2014

Telephone Call Recorder

Today telephone has become an integral part of our lives. It is the most widely used communication device in the world. Owing to its immense popularity and widespread use, there arises a need for call recording devices, which find application in call centres, stock broking firms, police, offices, homes, etc. Here we are describing a call recorder that uses very few components. But in order to understand its working, one must first have the basic knowledge of standard telephone wiring and a stereo plug.

Telephone Call Recorder Circuit diagram

In India, landline telephones primarily use RJ11 wiring, which has two wires—tip and ring. While tip is the positive wire, ring is the negative one. And together they complete the telephone circuit. In a telephone line,  voltage between tip and ring is around 48V DC when handset is on the cradle(idle line). In order to ring the phone for an incoming call, a 20Hz AC current of around 90V is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line.  The negative wire from the phone line goes to IN1, while the positive wire goes to IN2. Further, the negative wire from OUT1 and the positive wire from OUT2 are connected to the phone. All the resistors used are 0.25W carbon film resistors and all the capacitors used are rated for 250V or more.
The negative terminal of ‘To AUX IN’ is connected to pin 1 of the stereo jack while the positive terminal is connected to pins 2 and 3 of the stereo jack. This stereo jack, in turn, is connected to the AUX IN of any recording device, such as computer, audio cas-sette player, CD player, DVD player, etc. Here we shall be connecting it to a computer. When a call comes in, around 90V AC current at 20Hz is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line.
Telephone Call Recorder Mic
This current is converted into DC by the diodes and fed to resistor R1, which reduces its magnitude and feeds it to LED1. The current is further reduced in magnitude by the resistor R2 and fed to the right and left channels of the stereo jack, which are connected to the AUX IN port of a computer.  Any audio recording software, such as AVS audio recorder (available at: http://www.avs4you.com/AVS-Audio-Recorder.aspx), Audacity audio recorder (http://audacity.sourceforge.net/), or audio recorder (http://www.audio-tool.net/audio_recorder_for_free.html), can be used to record the call. When a call comes in, one needs to launch the audio recording software and start recording.
Telephone Call Recorder
For phone recording, simply connect the stereo jack to the AUX IN port of the PC. Install the  Audacity audio recorder (different versions are available for free for different operating systems at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/) on your PC. Run the executable  Audacity file. In the main window, you will find a dropdown box in the top right corner. From this box, select the AUX option. Now you are ready to record any call. As soon as a call comes in, press the record button found in the Audacity main window and then pick up the telephone receiver and answer the call. Press the stop button once the call ends. Now go to the file menu and select the ‘Export as WAV’ option and save the file in a desired location.

You may change the value of resistor R2 if you want to change the output volume. You can use a variable resistor in series with R2 to vary the volume of the output. The recorded audio clip can be edited using different options in the  Audacity software. You can assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a small cabinet. Use an RJ11 connector and stereo jack for connecting the telephone set and computer (for call recording). Telephone cords can be used to connect to the phone line and the circuit. Use of a shielded cable is recommended to reduce disturbances in the recording. These can also be reduced by increasing the value of R2 to about 15 kilo-ohms.
EFY note. Audacity recording software is included in this month’s EFY-CD under ‘Utilities’ section.

Source: http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/07/telephone-call-recorder.html

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For total output power of cell phone jammer

For total output power of cell phone jammer is about 0.5W
The definition of the object of study (as a body of two titles, the fourth Times New Roman, bold, left empty word, the same below). China PTAC is the countrys largest mobile phone distributors, sales of mobile phones more than 40 million per year, accounting for almost half of the country. × × Logistics Co., Ltd. is the countrys largest mobile phone carrier, specializing in China PTACs mobile phone distribution business, and its mode of operation on behalf of the logistics of Chinas mobile phone model. (Times New Roman, line spacing, 20 lbs). Characteristics (of the people on the phone the logistics needs of the three title as the text, using the small 4 Times New Roman, bold, left empty word, the same below). It is according to the corresponding standard and specification of cell phone jammer .
The rise of mobile logistics for manufacturers and agents to provide quality transportation platform. Can send and receive MMS from "Big Brother" had only limited to the basic call functions, and today, listen to MP3 music, wireless Internet and even can be used for camera phone, regardless of the function how to increase, what changes shape, it is a mobile phone, you need to logistics service providers connected to the identity of third manufacturers and consumers by the manufacturer or distributor does not appear to bear all of the roles of sales logistics, third-party logistics service providers can play a role irreplaceable. However, the development of the logistics industry, logistics service providers as soon as possible to achieve the integration of logistics resources.According to the nature of the work divided into several departments, organizational structure and reasonable. Each department are relatively independent, but related to each other, very close link between the lack of a part of the whole work is completed. So the flow of information between departments maintain the top priority.
Nokia is a mobile communications products to multinational corporations, headquartered in Finland, the global workforce of about 58,800 people, is a global leader in mobile communications industry. Nokia is listed in Helsinki, Finland, United Kingdom, London, Stockholm, Sweden, France, Paris, Frankfurt, Germany and the United States, New York, and shareholders all over the world. Nokias history began in 1865, a wood pulp factory. In 1967, the main production of cardboard Nokia, the Finnish rubber factory mainly produces sets of boots, and Finnish Cable Works jointly for the Nokia Group, the business covers several areas, including paper, chemical, rubber, etc.. Nokias telecommunications sector is the Finnish Cable Works started in the Electronics Division was established in 1960.
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Thursday, January 9, 2014

Little Door Guard

If some intruder tries to open the door of your house, this circuit sounds an alarm to alert you against the attempted intrusion. The circuit (Fig. 1) uses readily available, low-cost components. For compactness, an alkaline 12V battery is used for powering the unit. Input DC supply is further regulated to a steady DC voltage of 5V by 3-pin regulator IC 7805 (IC2).

Fig. 1: Circuit of the door guard


Circuit of the door guard


Assemble the unit on a general-purpose PCB as shown in Fig. 4 and mount the same on the door as shown in Fig. 3. Now mount a piece of mirror on the door frame such that it is exactly aligned with the unit. Pin configurations of IC UM3561 and transistors 2N5777 and BC547 are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: Pin configurations of UM3561 and transistors 2N5777 and BC547

UM3561 and transistors


Initially, when the door is closed, the infrared (IR) beam transmitted by IR LED1 is reflected (by the mirror) back to phototransistor 2N5777 (T1). The IR beam falling on phototransistor T1 reverse biases npn transistor T2 and IC1 does not get positive supply at its pin 5. As a result, no tone is produced at its output pin 3 and the loudspeaker remains silent. Resistor R1 limits the operating current for the IR LED.
When the door isopened, the absence of IR rays at phototransistor T1 forward biases npn transistor T2, which provides supply to  positiveIC1. Now 3-sirensound generator IC UM3561 (IC1) gets power via resistor R5. The output of IC1 at pin 3 is amplified by Darlington-pair transistors T3 and T4 to produce the alert tone via the loudspeaker.

Fig. 3: Back view of the door assembly

Back view of the door assembly

Rotary switch S2 is used to select the three preprogrammed tones of IC1. IC1 produces fire engine, police and ambulance siren sounds when its pin 6 is connected to point F, P or A, respectively.

Suggested enclosure
Fig. 4: Suggested enclosure with major components layout


Source: http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2012/06/little-door-guard.html
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The technology development of cell phone jammer has been finished

The technology development of cell phone jammer has been finished.
This mainly refers to the use of 25 ~ 100 W-class CO2 laser to X-Y table system-based laser processing machine models, but also the use of Nd YAG laser and galvanometer integrated machining. It can be carved, including engraving, cutting, engraving, embroidery and cutting. This has a variety of laser processing machine, the price is low, wide use, the characteristics of suitable conditions, the annual output of 6,000 units, which can be used in seals, flexible plates, gifts, advertising, printing cards, crafts and industrial non-metallic products, and on the horn, glass, plastic, rubber, wood products, plastics, fabrics, leather and other materials for laser processing. Because of this processing machine with computer typesetting, self-control, non-contact processing, fast (other than manual processing methods or faster), high intelligence, and other unique advantages of easy operation, it accounted for the majority of the domestic market and exported to Middle East, Southeast Asia, South America, Eastern Europe and Africa, popular with users. The technology development of cell phone jammer will enhance the quality of cell phone jammer .
Production of X-Y table models, high-profile companies in Zhejiang Boye Laser, Guangdong Yue Ming Wuhan Golden Laser Laser and other companies, the rapid rise of the formation of a laser processing machine of this type of production patterns. Currently Boye laser has been built 35000m2 plant, Golden Laser built a 10 000 m2 factory, Yueming laser not only further expand the production capacity of origin, established a branch in Shanghai. In addition to carving this type of flexible rubber, bamboo, it can also be laser-cut clothing, leather, embroidery and other processing products of these enterprises to upgrade and promote the market development. The technology development will improve the manufacturing quantity of cell phone jammer everyday.
These enterprises now will be feeding and rewinding, raw vacuum adsorption, automatic camera positioning, double cropping and other techniques to be applied gradually, the laser processing equipment can be integrated into automated garment production line operations, the product of intelligent upgrade. It is worth mentioning that the rapid development of laser engraving machine is one of the products, it is in the glass by laser-induced formation of burst point of the body composition of white three-dimensional laser light scattering images, this technology has recently made further development. Unit has developed a domestic color laser technology have played in the vitreous body red, orange, yellow, blue, purple and other color patterns, and soon the product will be put on the market, it will add luster to laser products. The technology improvement of cell phone jammer will increase the manufacturing ability of cell phone jammer .
Remanufacturing is the product life cycle theory as a guide for engineering practice. Equipment, feasibility studies, design, manufacture, use, maintenance and recovery of all costs are known as life-cycle cost, the traditional emphasis on the equipment, only the "first half", (this period only 20% to 40% of the cost), and often overlooked, "later life", that the use, maintenance and end of life costs.
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Friday, December 27, 2013

IR Remote Control Tester

Here’s a simple, low cost, and easy to construct infrared remote control tester. The tester is built around an easily available infrared receiver module (TSOP 1238).

 IR Remote Control Tester Circuit diagram:

Schematic diagram of IR remote control tester
Normally, data output pin 3 of the IR receiver module is at a high level (5 volts)and as such driver transistor T1 is in cut-off state. Whenever the IR receiver module receives a valid (modulated) infrared signal, its data output pin goes low in synchronism with the received infrared bursts. As a result, transistor T1 conducts during negative pulse period and the.LED blinks to indicate reception of signals from the remote such as TV remote control. A miniature active buzzer is connected at the collector of transistor T1 for audio indication.


Proposed enclosure with front-panel

The 5V DC for energizing the circuit is directly derived from the 230V AC mains supply. Unlike the conventional resistive voltage divider, a capacitive potential divider is used here, which does not radiate any heat and makes the tester quite compact. Another advantage of this tester is no false triggering due to the ambient light or electronic ballast-operated tubelights. A suggested enclosure for the circuit is shown in Fig. 2.
Source :  http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/06/schematic-diagram-of-ir-remote-control.html
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Thursday, December 26, 2013

Touch Sensitive Light Dimmer

With IC SLB0586A from Siemens you can build a simple touch light dimmer circuit that will allow you to adjust the lamp intensity. Together with a TIC206D triac, it enables smooth regulation of light intensity from a bulb of 10W – 400W. A coil of 100µH/5A is required to suppress switching noise.

The voltage supply is obtained through R2, C2, D1 and C3 and is about 5.3V below the network potential. The touch sensor that is used to drive the IC is connected at pin 5 through two 4.7MΩ resistors, R5 and R6, in order to ensure user security.

In the adjustable touch lamp schematic we can see three selection connection , for selecting one of three modes of the IC. When the B connection is used, the light will always be ON at the last level that we used. With A or C connection the light will be ON at the minimum intensity. With B or C, the purpose of regulation is reversed with each use.

Schematic of the adjustable light with touch sensor
Circuit Project: Touch light dimmer circuit
Touch Sensitive Light Dimmer Circuit Diagram


When the sensor is touched for a short period of time (50 – 400 ms), the lamp will be ON or OFF. If the sensor is touched for a longer period of time it will start the regulation process. Warning! This touch light dimmer circuit has some points where lethal 220V is present, please do not try this project if you are not qualified.
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Wednesday, December 25, 2013

Simple Infra red Receiver

This very simple infra-red receiver is intended to form an infra-red remote control system with the simple infra-red transmitter described in this site. The system does not use any kind of coding or decoding, but the carrier of the transmitter is modified in a simple manner to provide a constant switching signal. Since the receive module, IC1, switches from low to high (in the quiescent state, the output is high) when the carrier is received for more than 200 milliseconds, the carrier is transmitted in the form of short pulse trains. This results in a pulse at the output of the receiver that has a duty cycle which is just larger than 12.5%. The carrier frequency used in the system is 36 kHz, so that the output frequency of IC1 is 281.25 Hz.

Infra-red Receiver Circuit diagram :




This signal is rectified with a time constant that is long enough to ensure good smoothing, so that darlington T1 is open for as long as the received signal lasts. A drawback of this simple system is that it may pick up signals transmitted by another infra-red (RC5) controller. In this case, only the envelopes of the pulse trains would appear at the output of T1. This effect may, of course, be used intentionally. For instance, the receiver may be used to drive an SLB0587 dimmer. Practice has shown that the setting of the SLB0587 is not affected by the RC5 pulses. The receiver draws a current of about 0.5 mA.

Source : www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/05/infra-red-receiver-circuit.html
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Tuesday, December 24, 2013

Super Universal Battery Charger Circuit Diagram

The Super Universal Battery Charger Circuit Diagram output voltage is adjustable and regulated, and has an adjustable constant-current charging circuit that makes it easy to use with most NiCad batteries. The charger can charge a single cell or a number of series-conoected cells up to a maximum of 18 V. 

Power transistors Ql and Q2 are conoected as series regulators to control the battery charger`s output voltage and charge-current rate. An LM317 adjustable voltage regulator supplies the drive signal to the bases of power transistors Ql and Q2. Potentiometer R9 sets the output-voltage level. A current-sampling resistor, R8 (a 0.1-!J, 5-W unit), is conoected between the negative output lead and circuit ground. For each amp of charging that flows through R8, a 100 mV output is developed across it. 

The voltage developed across RS is fed to one input of comparator U3. The other input of the comparator is connected to variable resistor RIO. As the charging voltage across the battery begins to drop, the current through RS decreases. Then the voltage feeding pin 5 of U3 decreases, and the comparator output follows, turning Q3 back off, which completes the signal`s circular path to regulate the battery`s charging current. The charging current can be set by adjusting RlO for the desired current. The circuit`s output voltage is set by R9. 

Super Universal Battery Charger Circuit Diagram

Super Universal Battery Charger Circuit Diagram
 


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Monday, December 23, 2013

12V Touch Switch Exciter

This circuit is designed to generate a 20KHz pseudo sine wave signal that can power about 50 remote touch activated switch circuits.  It can support a cable length of about 2500 feet.  A typical remote switch circuit is also shown as well as a receiver circuit for those switches.

Source: DiscoverCircuits
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Sunday, December 22, 2013

Simple Video Amplifier

The video amplifier in the diagram is a well-known design. Simple, yet very useful, were it not for the ease with which the transistors can be damaged if the potentiometers (black level and signal amplitude) are in their extreme position. Fortunately, this can be obviated by the addition of two resistors.

Circuit diagram :

Simple Video Amplifier-Circuit Diagram Simple Video Amplifier Circuit Diagram

 

If in the diagram R 3 and R 4 were direct connections, as in the original design, and P 1 were fully clockwise and P 2 fully anticlockwise, such a large base current would flow through T 1 that this transistor would give up the ghost. Moreover, with the wiper of P 2 at earth level, the base current of T 2 would be dangerously high. Resistors R 3 and R 4 are sufficient protection against such mishaps, since they limit the base currents to a level of not more than 5 mA.

Shunt capacitor C 4 prevents R 4 having an adverse effect on the amplification.

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Saturday, December 21, 2013

Build a Inexpensive Isolation Transformer Circuit Diagram

Build a Inexpensive Isolation Transformer Impromptus Setup Circuit Diagram. Using two 12-V filament or power transformers, an impromptu isolation transformer can be made for low-power (under 50 W) use in testing or servicing. SOI is an ordinary, duplex ac recept-able. Use heavy-wire connections between the 12-V windings because several amperes can flow.

Inexpensive Isolation Transformer Circuit Diagram


Inexpensive Isolation Transformer Circuit Diagram

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Friday, December 20, 2013

AC 220V Mains Powered Emergency Light and Alarm

This circuit is permanently plugged into a mains socket and NI-CD batteries are trickle-charged. When a power outage occurs, the lamp automatically illuminates. Instead of illuminating a lamp, an alarm sounder can be chosen. When power supply is restored, the lamp or the alarm is switched-off. A switch provides a "latch-up" function, in order to extend lamp or alarm operation even when power is restored.

Emergency Light and Alarm Circuit Diagram
Emergency Light and Alarm Circuit Diagram

Parts List:


R1 = 220K
R2 = 470R
R3 = 390R
R4 = 1.5K
R5 = 1R
R6 = 10K
R7 = 330K
R8 = 470R
R9 = 100R
D1 = 1N4007
D2 = 1N4007
D3 = 1N4007
D4 = 1N4007
D5 = 1N4007
D6 = Led
D7 = 1N4148
Q1 = BC547
Q2 = BC327
Q3 = BC547
Q4 = BC547
Q5 = BC327
C1 = 330nF-400V
C2 = 10uF-63V
C3 = 100nF-63V
C4 = 10nF-63V
LP1 = 2.5V-300mA Torch Lamp Bulb
PL1 = Male Mains Plug
SW1 = SPST Switches
SW2 = SPST Switches
SW3 = SPDT Switches
SPKR = 8 Ohms Loudspeaker
B1 = 2.5V Battery (two AA NI-CD rechargeable cells wired in series)

Mains voltage is reduced to about 12V DC at C2s terminals, by means of the reactance of C1 and the diode bridge (D1-D4). This avoids the use of a mains transformer. Trickle-charging current for the battery B1 is provided by the series resistor R3, D5 and the green LED D6 that also monitors the presence of mains supply and correct battery charging.

Q2 & Q3 form a self-latching pair that start operating when a power outage occurs. In this case, Q1 biasing becomes positive, so this transistor turns on the self latching pair. If SW3 is set as shown in the circuit diagram, the lamp illuminates via SW2, which is normally closed; if set the other way, a square wave audio frequency generator formed by Q4, Q5 and related components is activated, driving the loudspeaker.

If SW1 is left open, when mains supply is restored the lamp or the alarm continue to operate. They can be disabled by opening the main on-off switch SW2. If SW1 is closed, restoration of the mains supply terminates lamp or alarm operation, by applying a positive bias to the Base of Q2.

Note:


Close SW2 after the circuit is plugged.

Warning!


The circuit is connected to 230Vac mains, then some parts in the circuit board are subjected to lethal potential!. Avoid touching the circuit when plugged and enclose it in a plastic box.

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Thursday, December 19, 2013

Solar Power Supply

This circuit delivers either 4.8 or 7.2 V regulated at 15 mA with a 3-V input from a bank of photocells. Rl should be 453 kQ for a 7.2-V output and 274 РЁ for a 4.8-Vdc output. Regulator efficiency is around 70%. This should be considered when selecting suitable solar cells.

Solar Power Supply Circuit diagram :




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Wednesday, December 18, 2013

The ordering quantity of this order of Cell Phone Jammers is large enough

The document of  Cell Phone Jammers  will contain the important product information of  Cell Phone Jammers  .
The laser has been widely applied to the laser welding, laser cutting, laser drilling (including the slant-hole, different holes, plaster hole, perforated tipping paper, perforated steel, perforated packaging and printing, etc.), laser hardening, laser heat treatment, laser marking, glass engraving, laser trimming, laser lithography, laser system, film, laser film processing, laser packages, laser repair circuits, laser routing technology, laser cleaning.
Periodic illegible: often drum charge roller coating or contamination, watermarks, mimeo, fingerprints often cause this defect. Grapes: It is the same as the overlapping coins appear in the printed materials of a defect, no rules, and difficult to repeat, is caused by bad drum ground. Background scattering: refers to the text or unwanted lines around the black specks, toner from the magnetic roller coating or bad cause. Drum overheating (referring to a sense of high) may also cause this defect. Wave background (tiger grouper): wavy black version in white or white on black version or in the form of half-tone version. Several more kinds of payment method of  Cell Phone Jammers  will be added for this online store of  Cell Phone Jammers  .
Usually magnetic roller sleeve coating defects or due to prolonged low-density printing, magnetic bond caused by the magnetic roller sleeve. Hollow words: refers to the text or images is missing strokes on the reasons: toner itself is the problem. Dark pink with bad. Magnetic roller coating problems. Print media over the surface of the light, perfect. Paper with the negative. Irregular vertical black spots: the deformation caused by the sealing of the waste toner smears scattered. As the accumulation of too much toner on the magnetic roller, causing leakage of powder. Coloration: with a variety of factors: the toner itself is the problem. Toner, magnetic roller with the problem. Flour knife aging. Magnetic roller wear. Drums to life. High humidity or moisture absorption media. The detailed information of  Cell Phone Jammers  contains the ordering quantity of  Cell Phone Jammers  .
Bottom ash: bottom ash refers to prints blank zone in the mist toner, but also with a variety of factors: aging scraper. Charge roller fouling. Toner problem. Drum fatigue, to life. Low temperature and dry environment. Print media bad. Charge roller wear. Fixing is not strong: refers to the printed text or images on the product that is out of touch. The reasons are: toner softening point higher than the machines fusing temperature. Print media too thick or too light surface. Before cleaning the printer, be sure to carefully read the printer user manual to follow any special procedures and warnings. The ordering quantity of this order of  Cell Phone Jammers  is large enough.
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Tuesday, December 17, 2013

DC Fan Controller

This circuit is ideal to control the cooling fan of heat generated electronic gadgets like power amplifiers. The circuit switches on a fan if it senses a temperature above the set level. The fan automatically turns off when the temperature returns to normal. The circuit uses an NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Thermister to sense heat. NTC Thermister reduces its resistance when the temperature in its vicinity increases.

IC1 is used as a voltage comparator with two potential dividers in its inputs. Resistor R1 and VR1 forms one potential divider connected to the non inverting input of IC1 and another potential divider comprising R2 and the 4.7K Thermistor supplying a variable voltage to the inverting input of IC1. VR1 is adjusted so as to give slightly lesser voltage at the non inverting input than the inverting input at room temperature.

DC Fan Controller Circuit


In this state, output of IC1 will be low and the Fan remains off. When the temperature near the Thermister increases, its resistance decreases and conducts. This drops the voltage at pin 2 of IC1 and its output becomes high. T1 then triggers and fan turn on. Red LED indicates that fan is running. Capacitor C1 gives a short lag before T1 turns on to avoid false triggering and to give proper bias to T1.

DC fan can be the one used in Computer SMPS. Keep the Thermistor near the heat sink of the Amplifier PCB and switch on the amplifier for 10 minutes. Then adjust VR1 till the Fan stop running.When the temperature rises, Fan will automatically switch on.
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Thursday, October 10, 2013

Short Circuit Protection With A MOSFET

If you have an application in which a MOSFET is already used to switch a load, it is relatively easy to add short-circuit or overload protection. Here we make use of the internal resistance RDS(ON), which produces a voltage drop that depends on the amount of current flowing through the MOSFET. The voltage across the internal resistance can be sensed using simple comparator or even a transistor, which switches on at a voltage of around 0.5V. You can thus avoid the use of a sense resistor (shunt), which usually produces an undesirable extra voltage drop. The comparator can be monitored by a microcontroller. In case of an overload, the software can initiate suitable countermeasures (PWM regulation, alarm, emergency stop etc.). It is also conceivable to connect the comparator output directly to the gate of the MOSFET, in order to immediately cut off the transistor in case of a short circuit.

Short-Circuit Protection With A MOSFET Circuit Diagram
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Wednesday, October 9, 2013

Yes No Indicator Has Zero Standby Current

This circuit produces a random "Yes" or "No" with a single button press - indicated by the illumination of a red or green LED. The circuit has two advantages over similar circuits. First, it uses just a single momentary contact pushbutton, so no on-off switch is required. When the pushbutton is pressed, an oscillator comprising the 10nF capacitor and 22kΩ resistor at pins 1 & 2 is almost immediately stopped by FET Q1, which pulls the oscillators timing capacitor to the positive rail. However, the 220nF capacitor and 470kΩ resistor in the gate circuit of Q1 introduce a tenth of a seconds delay, so that about 250 oscillations take place before the clock is stopped.

Due to variations in charge on the circuits capacitors, as well as voltage and temperature variations, and the unpredictability of when the pushbutton will be pressed, randomness is assured. The circuit has a high degree of randomness because it takes advantage of a near-perfect complementary square waveform at pins 10 and 11 of the 4047 IC. The oscillator frequency (available at pin 13) is passed through an internal divide-by-2 circuit in the 4047. This appears at pin 10 (Q), and is inverted at pin 11 (Q-bar), thus assuring a near perfect 50:50 duty cycle for the two LEDs.
Yes-No indicator has zero standby current circuit schematic
Note:

However, that the "impartiality" of the circuit is partly contingent on the value of the 10nF capacitor and on a reasonably equal current flow through both LEDs. Over five trials, the Yes-No Indicator scored 142 Yes, 158 No, with Yes falling behind No in the fourth trial. Because the circuit only works while switch S1 is pressed, standby current is zero, therefore a miniature 12V battery may be used to power it. In this case the circuit could be used thousands of times before the battery would run flat. The circuit has a further potential use. If the LEDs are omitted and a piezo (capacitive) sounder is wired directly to pins 10 and 11, it will produce a loud beep when equipment is turned on, and will continue to draw less than 0.5mA until it is switched off. The frequency of the beep may be changed by altering the value of the 10nF capacitor and its duration by altering the value of the 220nF capacitor.
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Tuesday, October 8, 2013

Headphone Amplifier Using Discrete Components

An amplifier to drive low to medium impedance headphones built using discrete components.

Both halves of the circuit are identical. Both inputs have a dc path to ground via the input 47k control which should be a dual log type potentiometer. The balance control is a single 47k linear potentiometer, which at center adjustment prevents even attenuation to both left and right input signals. If the balance control is moved towards the left side, the left input track has less resistance than the right track and the left channel is reduced more than the right side and vice versa. The preceding 10k resitors ensure that neither input can be "shorted" to earth.

Headphone Amplifier Circuit DiagramAmplification of the audio signal is provided by a single stage common emitter amplifier and then via a direct coupled emitter follower. Overall gain is less than 10 but the final emitter follower stage will directly drive 8 ohm headphones. Higher impedance headphones will work equally well. Note the final 2k2 resistor at each output. This removes the dc potential from the 2200u coupling capacitors and prevents any "thump" being heard when headphones are plugged in. The circuit is self biasing and designed to work with any power supply from 6 to 20 Volts DC.
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Monday, October 7, 2013

14W CLASS A AMPLIFIER USING 2N3055 ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM

14W CLASS A AMPLIFIER USING 2N3055 ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM

Why Class A ? Because , when biased to class A, the transistors are always turned on, always ready to respond instantaneously to an input signal. Class B and Class AB output stages require a microsecond or more to turn on. The Class A operation permits cleaner operation under the high-current slewing conditions that occur when transient audio signal are fed difficult loads. His amplifier is basically simple, as can be seen from the block diagram.
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Sunday, October 6, 2013

You Have Mail!

If your letterbox is some distance from your house, you will find a monitoring device useful to indicate when new post has arrived. This can take the form of a US-style visible flag; a more modern alternative uses a 433 MHz radio transceiver. The big advantage of the solution presented here is that is can use an existing two-core bell cable, without requiring any further power source. The arrival of post is signalled by a blinking LED; for added effect, a digital voice recorder can also be connected which will, at regular intervals, announce the fact that the letterbox needs emptying. The device is silenced by a reset button.

The circuit uses one half-cycle of the AC supply to power the bell or buzzer, and the other half-cycle for the post indicator. Suitably-oriented diodes in the device and in the letterbox ensure that the two signals are independent of one another (Figure 1). The bell current flows from K1.A through D3, bell-push S2, D1 and the relay back to K1.B. C1 provides adequate smoothing of the current pulses to ensure that the relay armature does not vibrate. The bell is operated by the normally-open relay contact. If the bell is actually a low-current piezo buzzer, then it can be connected directly and the relay dispensed with.

During the half-cycle for the letterbox monitor current flows from connection K1.B on the bell transformer through current-limiting resistor R1, the LED in the optocoupler, reed contact S1 (a micro-switch can also be used) and D2 and finally back to K1. If the reed contacts are closed, the LED in the optocoupler will light and switch on the phototransistor. A positive voltage will then appear across R3 which will turn the thyristor on via C6. The red LED will indicate that post has arrived. Pressing S3 shorts out the thyristor, reducing the current through it below the holding value. A small extra circuit can be added to provide continuous letterbox monitoring.

You Have Mail!This takes the form of a voice recorder whose ‘play’ button is operated by transistor T1. T1 in turn is driven by a 555 timer IC. In the usual 555 timer circuit, where the device is configured as an astable multi-vibrator, the mark-space ratio cannot be set with complete freedom. Here two diodes provide separate charge and discharge paths for capacitor C4. When capacitor C4 is charging, D5 conducts and D4 blocks: the charge rate is determined by R5. When discharging, D4 conducts and R6 and the potentiometer determine the rate. The values shown give a pulse length of approximately 0.5 s with a delay of between 15 s and 32 s.

The short pulse is sufficient to trigger the voice recorder module via transistor T1 connected across its ‘play’ button. The voice recorder module (e.g. Conrad order code 115266) is designed to run from a 6 V supply. The maximum recording time is 20 s and the current consumption is 20 mA when recording and between 40 mA and 60 mA when playing back. Since our supply is at 8 V, the excess voltage must be dropped using between 1 and 3 series-connected 1N4148 diodes (shown as Dx in the circuit diagram). The final voltage should be checked using a multimeter. Alternatively, a 7806 can be used without suffering a significant loss in volume.

If it is desired to use a piezo buzzer to provide an acoustic signal, the pulse length should be increased to at least 2s. In this case, R5 should be increased to 560 kΩ or 680 kΩ: the pulse length, t on, is 0.7.R5.C4, and the interval between pulses, t off, is 0.7. (R6+R7).C4. Suitable buzzers are available with a wide range of rated voltages.
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